Peppermint – medicinal properties, contraindications

Peppermint is one of the most popular plants used in both medicine and cooking. Its unique properties make it indispensable in many situations. In this article, we’ll take a closer look at it – its composition, properties and various uses. You will also learn about contraindications, side effects and interactions with medicines and other herbs. Finally, we will discuss peppermint essential oil and its use in cosmetics, dietary supplements and medical devices.

Peppermint – what sort of plant is it?

Peppermint (Mentha piperita) is a perennial plant from the Lamiaceae family – known for its distinctive, intense aroma and flavour. It originates from Europe but is now cultivated all over the world. The plant grows to a height of 30 to 90 cm, has dark green, lanceolate leaves and small, purple flowers arranged in spike-like inflorescences. Peppermint is a hybrid of water mint (Mentha aquatica) and spearmint (Mentha spicata).

Composition of peppermint

Peppermint contains many valuable active compounds that determine its properties. The most important constituents include:

• Menthol– the main component of peppermint essential oil, responsible for its characteristic cooling effect. It has anaesthetic, antibacterial and antiviral properties.
• Flavonoids– have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The most important flavonoids in peppermint include luteolin, hesperidin and eriocitrin.
• Tannins– have astringent and antibacterial properties, and help to treat inflammation and irritation.
• Rosmarinic acid– has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. It is a powerful antioxidant that helps protect cells from damage.
• Essential oil– contains menthol, menthone, limonene, pulegone and other compounds that are widely used in medicine and cosmetics. Peppermint essential oil is rich in terpenes and other volatile compounds.
• Vitamins and minerals– Peppermint contains vitamin A, vitamin C and small amounts of B vitamins. It is also a source of minerals such as iron, magnesium, potassium and calcium.

Properties of peppermint

Peppermint is a plant with a broad spectrum of action, the properties of which are utilised in both natural medicine and modern cosmetology. Below is a detailed description of its most important properties:

• Pain relief– Peppermint is known for its pain-relieving properties, mainly due to its menthol content. Menthol acts as a local anaesthetic, which means it can effectively relieve pain. It can be used for headaches, migraines, and muscle and joint pain. Studies have shown that peppermint oil can be just as effective at relieving tension headaches as some over-the-counter painkillers.
• Antispasmodic– one of the most important uses of peppermint is to relieve spasms in smooth muscles, particularly in the digestive system. Peppermint oil is often used to treat irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). It works by relaxing the smooth muscles of the intestines, which reduces the pain and discomfort associated with this condition. Peppermint can also relieve period cramps and other symptoms associated with the menstrual cycle.
• Antiviral and antibacterial– peppermint has antiviral and antibacterial properties that can help fight infections. The active ingredients in peppermint, such as menthol and rosmarinic acid, inhibit the growth of certain pathogens. Laboratory studies have shown that peppermint oil can inhibit the growth of bacteria such asE. coli andStaphylococcus aureus,as well asvarious strains of viruses. Thanks to these properties, peppermint is often used as a natural remedy to aid the treatment of respiratory tract infections and skin problems.
• Anti-inflammatory– thanks to the presence of rosmarinic acid and flavonoids, it exhibits strong anti-inflammatory effects. Rosmarinic acid works by inhibiting the enzymes responsible for inflammatory processes in the body, which may help to alleviate inflammation, such as arthritis, skin inflammation or other inflammatory conditions. Peppermint may also help reduce inflammation in the digestive tract, which is particularly beneficial for people suffering from inflammatory bowel disease.
• Anti-emetic– peppermint is an effective anti-emetic, relieving nausea and vomiting. It works on both nausea caused by travel sickness and that associated with pregnancy (so-called morning sickness). Peppermint oil can also be used as an inhalant to help relieve nausea.
• Cooling and refreshing– one of the most characteristic effects of peppermint is its cooling and refreshing action. Menthol creates a cooling sensation on the skin and mucous membranes, which is extremely pleasant and soothing, especially on hot days. Menthol’s cooling effect stems from its ability to stimulate cold receptors in the skin, leading to a subjective sensation of coolness.
• Improved digestion– peppermint is known for its ability to improve digestion. Drinking peppermint leaf infusions after meals can help relieve digestive complaints such as bloating, heartburn and a heavy feeling in the stomach. Peppermint oil may also stimulate bile production, which aids the digestion of fats.
• Immune system support– the flavonoids and other antioxidant compounds present in peppermint may support the immune system. Antioxidants neutralise free radicals, which can damage cells and lead to chronic diseases. Regular consumption of peppermint may therefore help protect the body against infections and diseases.
• Relaxing and stress-relieving– peppermint can also have a relaxing and stress-relieving effect. Aromatherapy using peppermint essential oil can help reduce stress, improve mood and make it easier to fall asleep. Menthol has a calming effect on the central nervous system, which can be helpful in cases of anxiety and tension.

Uses of peppermint

Cosmetics containing peppermint

Peppermint is a popular ingredient in cosmetics due to its refreshing, soothing and antibacterial properties. Shampoos and conditioners containing peppermint stimulate the scalp, which can promote hair growth and prevent dandruff. Body creams and lotions with peppermint have a cooling effect, soothe skin irritation and provide relief after sunbathing. Toothpastes and mouthwashes with peppermint ensure long-lasting fresh breath and have an antibacterial effect, helping to maintain oral hygiene. Facial care products containing peppermint extract can help reduce acne and refresh the skin.

Supplements and medical devices containing peppermint

Peppermint is also an ingredient in many dietary supplements and medical devices. Capsules containing peppermint oil are often used to treat gastrointestinal complaints, such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), bloating and indigestion. Herbal teas with peppermint soothe digestive discomfort, have a calming effect and help you fall asleep. Patches and ointments containing peppermint oil are used to treat muscle and joint pain, providing relief thanks to their analgesic and cooling properties. Peppermint is also an ingredient in some aromatherapy preparations that help treat colds and respiratory tract infections.

Peppermint essential oil

Peppermint essential oil is a concentrated extract that is widely used in various fields. When used in inhalations, peppermint oil helps treat colds, sinus problems and respiratory tract infections, thanks to its antibacterial and antiviral properties. Massages using peppermint oil have a relaxing effect, soothe muscle and joint pain, and can also aid recovery after physical exertion. Adding peppermint oil to a bath brings relief after a hard day, has a refreshing and relaxing effect, and helps to alleviate symptoms of stress and tension. Peppermint oil is also used in aromatherapy to improve mood, relieve headaches and aid concentration and focus.

Contraindications

Despite its many beneficial properties, peppermint is not suitable for everyone. People who are allergic to menthol should avoid peppermint, as it may lead to allergic reactions such as rashes, itching or swelling. The use of peppermint oil in young children, particularly those under the age of 6, may cause laryngeal spasm and shortness of breath, which poses a serious health risk. Pregnant and breastfeeding women should consult a doctor before using peppermint in any form, as some of its components may cross the placenta or pass into breast milk, which could affect the baby. People suffering from gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GERD) should also avoid peppermint, as it may exacerbate reflux symptoms.

Side effects – is it possible to overdose on peppermint leaves?

Although peppermint is generally safe, excessive consumption can lead to adverse effects. Using the essential oil without proper dilution may cause irritation to the skin and mucous membranes, manifesting as a burning sensation, redness and irritation. Allergic reactions may occur in the form of rashes, itching, swelling and, in extreme cases, even anaphylaxis. Excessive consumption of peppermint can lead to stomach ache and heartburn, which is a result of its effect on the digestive tract. In high doses, the menthol contained in peppermint can cause overstimulation of the nervous system.

Interactions with medicines and herbs

Peppermint may interact with certain medicines and herbs, which may affect the effectiveness of treatment or cause side effects. Menthol can lower blood pressure, which may enhance the effects of medicines for high blood pressure; therefore, people taking such medicines should exercise caution. Peppermint may affect blood glucose levels, which is important for people taking diabetes medication. It may also enhance the effects of anticoagulants, increasing the risk of bleeding. Interactions may also occur with other herbs, particularly those with sedative or blood-pressure-lowering effects, which may lead to an excessive drop in blood pressure or excessive sedation.